The PLATO spectacles are suitable for essentially any application that requires controlled (including tachistoscopic or stroboscopic) presentation of visual information. This includes evaluation of human-machine interfaces, as well as research on visual perception, motion perception, reading, neurological disorders, rehabilitation, psychomotor coordination, motor learning, sport psychology and training, conspicuity testing, product recognition, and so forth.

Due to their very high light transmission, the PLATO spectacles remain effective even under very low lighting conditions.  In addition, the spectacles are constructed without any metal screws, thereby rendering them effective for use in MRI environments.

Needless to say, we are very proud of the wide variety of applications for which the PLATO spectacles have been used over the years.  At this site we are endeavouring to share with you as many of the publications that we manage to identify, with our primary criterion for inclusion in the list being that our products (PLATO visual occlusion spectacles and/or our ToTaL Control software or hardware) must have played some role in the study published.

For your convenience, rather than simply listing papers alphabetically or chronologically, we are also attempting to classify all publications according to the categories shown. If you wish to peruse one category at a time, simply go to the menu above and select that category.

 

Add your publications to our list!

If you’ve used our technology and are interested in adding your own publication or video clip to this collection, please email us the bibliographic details, as well as a URL or (preferably) a copy of the publication. Please indicate as well whether it is allowed to be publicly posted.


Author(s) ▾ Title Location Year Categories
Aimola, Lina; Lane, Alison R; Smith, Daniel T; Kerkhoff, Georg; Ford, Gary A; Schenk, Thomas Efficacy and Feasibility of Home-Based Training for Individuals With Homonymous Visual Field Defects Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2014, Vol. 28(3), 207-218. 2014 Medicine / Rehabilitation;
Akamatsu, Motoyuki; Green, Paul; Bengler, Klaus Automotive technology and human factors research: Past, present, and future (Review Article) International Journal of Vehicular Technology, Vol 2013, Article ID 526180 2013 Automobile driving behaviour, Automotive interface evaluation
Angell, L., Auflick, J., Austria, P.A., Kochhar, D., Tijerina, L., Biever, W., Diptiman, T., Hogsett, J., Kiger, S. Driver workload metrics project: Task 2 final report (CAMP) NHTSA / DOT Report HS810635 2006 Automobile driving behaviour, Automotive interface evaluation
Atakorah, Alex In-car technologies and driver distraction (How different occlusion intervals affect task performance) MA Dissertation, University of Nottingham 2003 Automobile driving behaviour, Automotive interface evaluation
Barnes, G.R.; Hess, R.F.; Sumoulin, S.O.; Achtman, R.L.; Pike, G.B. The cortical deficit in humans with strabismic amblyopia Journal of Physiology (2001), 533.1, pp 281-297 2001 fMRI Study, Medicine / Rehabilitation;
Baumann, Martin, Keinath, Andreas, Krems, Josef F., Bengler, K. Evaluation of in-vehicle HI using occlusion techniques: Experimental results and practical implications Applied Ergonomics 35 (2004), 197-205 2004 Automotive interface evaluation
Blaauw, Gerard J., Godthelp, Hans & Milgram, Paul Optimal control model applications and field measurements with respect to car driving Vehicle System Dynamics, 13, pp. 93-111, 1994 1994 Automobile driving behaviour
Blaauw, Gerard J., Godthelp, Hans & Milgram, Paul Optimal Control Model Applications and Field Measurements with Respect to Car Driving Proc. 3rd European Annual Conf. on Human Decision-Making and Manual Control, Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 1-18, May-June 1983 1983 Automobile driving behaviour
Bolton, David A.E., Cole, David M., Butler, Blake, Mansour, Mahmoud, Rydalch, Garrett, McDannald, Douglas W., Schwartz, Sarah E. Motor preparation for compensatory reach-to-grasp responses when viewing a wall-mounted safety handle. Cortex 177 (2019) 135-146 2019 Cognitive science, Medicine/Rehabilitation, Motor Control
Bolton, D.A.E., Schwartz, S.E., Mansour, M., Rydalch, G., McDannald, D.W. Priming of grasping muscles when viewing a safety handle is diminished with age Maturitas 121 (2019) 7-12 2019 Cognitive science, Medicine/Rehabilitation, Motor Control
Brown, Liana E.; Morrissey, Brendan F.;, Goodale, Melvyn A. Vision in the palm of your hand Neuropsychologia 47 (2009) 1621–1626 2009 Cognitive science
Buckingham, Gavin The role of vision in detecting and correcting fingertip force errors during object lifting 2011 Cognitive science, Movie, Visual Perception
Buckingham, Gavin; Goodale, Melvyn A. Lifting without Seeing: The Role of Vision in Perceiving and Acting upon the Size Weight Illusion PLOS One, www.plosone.org, March 2010, Vol. 5(3), e9709 2010 Cognitive science, Medicine / Rehabilitation;, Visual Perception
Buckingham, Gavin; Ranger, Nathalie S.; Goodale, Melvyn A. The role of vision in detecting and correcting fingertip force errors during object lifting Journal of Vision (2011) 11(1):4, 1–14 2011 Cognitive science, Visual Perception
Campbell, J., Rossit, S., & Heath, M. No vertical visual field asymmetry in online control: Evidence from reaching in depth Motor Control 23.2 (2019): 171-188. 2019 Cognitive science
Cavina-Pratesi, Cristiana; Monaco, Simona; Fattori, Patrizia; Galletti, Claudio; McAdam, Teresa D.: Quinlan, Derek J.: Goodale, Melvyn A.; Culham, Jody C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging reeals the neural substrates of arm transport and grip formation in reach-to-grasp actions in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(31): 10306-10323 (2010) 2010 Cognitive cience, fMRI Studies, Motor Control
Chen, Huei-Yen Winnie & Milgram, Paul A framework for modelling and analysing variability in visual occlusion experiments Proc. 57th Annual Meeting of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, San Diego, Sept. 30-Oct. 4, 2013. 2013 Automobile driving behaviour, Cognitive science, Visual Occlusion (General)
Chen, Huei-Yen Winnie & Milgram, Paul Determining glance duration for visual occlusion research. Proc. 55th Annual Meeting of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Las Vegas, Sept. 19-23, 2011 2011 Automobile driving behaviour, Cognitive science
Courage, Catherine & Milgram, Paul An investigation of attentional demand in a simulated driving environment Proc. 44th Annual Mtg of Human Factors & Ergonomics Society + International Ergonomics Association (IEA), San Diego, CA, July 2000 2000 Automobile driving behaviour
De Sanctis, Teresa, Tarantino, Vincenza, Straulina, Elisa, Begliomini, Chiara, Castiello, Umberto Co-registering kinematics and evoked related potentials during visually guided reach-to-grasp movements PLOS One, www.plosone.org, 8(6), June 2013 2013 Cognitive Science, Motor Control
Dicks, Matt; Button, Chris; Davids, Keith Availability of advance visual information constrains association-football goalkeeping performance during penalty kicks Perception, 2010, volume 39, p.p. 1111-1124 2010 Sports psychology / training
Dissanayake, Paul; Dunn, Tracy; Edwards, Pascale; Starkes, Janet L. A new technology and field test of advance cue usage in volleyball Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 66.2 (June 1995): p162 1995 Sports psychology / training
Easa, Said & He, Wenlong Modeling driver visual demand on three-dimensional highway alignments J. of Transportation Engineering, 2006, 132: 357-365 2006 Automobile driving behaviour
Easa, Said & Ganguly, Chandi Modeling driver visual demand on complex horizontal alignments J. of Transportation Engineering, 2005, 131: 583-590 2005 Automobile driving behaviour
Elliott, Digby; Zuberec, Sarah; Milgram, Paul The effects of periodic visual occlusion on ball catching J. Motor Behavior, 26 (2), 113-122, 1994 1994 Motor control, Sports psychology / training, Visual Occlusion (General)
Farrow, Damian & Abernethy, Bruce Can anticipatory skills be learned through implicit video-based perceptual training? Journal of Sports Sciences, 2002, 20, 471-485 2002 Sports psychology / training
Gareau, Paula J.; Mitchell, J. Ross; Gati, Joseph S.; Karlik, Stephen J. Reduced BOLD fMRI signal changes in the primary visual cortex of MS patients with unilateral optic neuritis: Correlation with visual evoked potentials Proceedings Seventh Annual Meeting of International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Philadelphia, May 1999:502 1999 Cognitive science, fMRI Study
Godthelp, Hans, Milgram, Paul & Blaauw, Gerard, J. The development of a time-related measure to describe driving strategy Human Factors, 26 (3), pp. 257-268, June 1984 1984 Automobile driving behaviour
Godthelp, Hans, Milgram, Paul & Blaauw, Gerard, J. Driving Under Temporary Visual Occlusion: An Analysis in Terms of the TLC Concept Proc. 3rd European Annual Conf. on Human Decision-Making and Manual Control, Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 1-19, May-June 1983 1983 Automobile driving behaviour
Godthelp, Hans; Blaauw, Gerard; Milgram, Paul Supervisory Behaviour in Automobile Driving: New Approaches in Modelling Vehicle Control Proc. XX Fisita Cong., Vienna, Austria, pp. 3.255-3.265, May 1984 (SAE paper 845099) 1984 Automobile driving behaviour
Goh, Kwang Leng; Morris, Susan; Lee, Wee Lih; Ring, Alexander; Tan, Tele Visual transparent & visual occlusion: An EEG and COP study Annual Internatioinal Conf. IEEE Engineering Medicine & Biology Society, Aug. 2016: 829-832. 2016 Cognitive science, fMRI Study
Goh, Kwang Leng; Morris, Susan; Lee, Wee Lih; Ring, Alexander; Tan, Tele Postural and cortical responses following visual occlusion in standing and sitting tasks Exp Brain Res, 235, 1875-1884 (2017) 2017 Cognitive science, fMRI Study
Goh, Kwang Leng; Morris, Susan; Parsons, Richard; Ring, Alexander; Tan Tele Postural and cortical responses following visual occlusion in adults with and without ASD J. Autism and Developmental Disorders (2018) 48:1446-1457 2018 Cognitive science, Medecine/Rehabilitation
Goodyear, Bradley G.; Menon, Ravi S. Brief Visual Stimulation Allows Mapping of Ocular Dominance in Visual Cortex Using fMRI Human Brain Mapping 14:210-217 (2001) 2001 Cognitive science, fMRI Study
Grooms, Dustin; Appelbaurm; Onate, James Neuroplasticity following anterior cruciate ligament injury: A framework for visual-motor training approaches in rehabilitation. J. Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 45(5), May 2015: 381-393 2015 Medecine/Rehabilitation
van der Horst, Richard Occlusion as a measure for visual workload: An overview of TNO occlusion research in car driving. Applied Ergonomics 35 (2004), 189-196. 2004 Automobile driving behaviour
Janczyk, Markus & Kunde, Wilfried Visual processing for action resists similarity of relevant and irrelevant object features Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 19(3): 412-417 2012 Cognitive science, Motor control, Visual Perception
Kiefer, R.J., Cassar, M.T., Flannagan, C.A., Jerome, C.J., Palmer, M.D. Surprise braking trials, time-to-collision judgments, and 'First Look' maneuvers under realistic rear-end crash scenarios NHTSA / DOT Report HS 809 902 2005 Automobile driving behaviour, Automotive interface evaluation
Kiefer, Raymond J., Flannagan, Carol A., Jerome, Christian J. Time-to-collision jjudgments under realistic driving conditions Human Factors, 48(2), 2006 2006 Automobile driving behaviour, Automotive interface evaluation
Kitazawa, Shigeru; Kohno, Takashi;, Uka, Takanori Effects of delayed visual information on the rate and amount of prism adaptation in the human Journal of Neuroscience, Nov. 1995, 15(11): 7644-7652 1995 Motor Control
Kitazawa, Shigeru; Kimura, Tatsuya; Uka, Takanori Prism adaptation of reaching movements: Specificity for the velocity of reaching. Journal of Neuroscience, Feb, 1997, 17(4): 1481-1492 1997 Motor Control
Kitazawa, Shigeru; Kimura, Tatsuya; Yin, Ping-Bo Cerebellar complex spikes encode both destinations and errors in arm movements Nature, Vol. 392, 2 April 1998; 494-497 1998 Motor Control
Kitazawa, Shigeru; Yin, Ping-Bo Prism adaptation with delayed visual error signals in the monkey Exp Brain Res (2002), 144: 258-261 2002 Motor Control
Li, Chuanming; Cheng, Lin; Yu, Qiongwu; Xie, Bing; Wang, Jian Relationship of Visual Cortex Function and Visual Acuity in Anisometropic Amblyopic Children International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2012; 9(1):115-120 2012 fMRI Study, Cognitive Science, Medicine / Rehabilitation;
Marangon, Mattia; Jacobs, Stéphane; Frey, Scott H. Evidence for context sensitivity of grasp representations in human parietal and premotor cortices J. Neurophysiology, 2011 May; 105(5), 2536-2546 2011 Cognitive science, fMRI Study, Motor Control
McDannald, D.W., Mansour, M., Rydalch, G., Bolton, D.A.E. Motor affordance for grasping a safety handle Neuroscience Letters 683 (2018) 131-137 2018 Cognitive science, Medicine/Rehabilitation, Motor control
Menon, Ravi S.; Goodyear, Bradley G. Submillimeter Functional Localization in Human Striate Cortex Using BOLD Contrast at 4 Tesla: Implications for the Vascular Point-Spread Function Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 41:230-235 (1999) 1999 Cognitive science, fMRI Study
Miall, R. Chris; Christensen, Lars O.D.; Cain, Owen; Stanley, James Disruption of state estimateion in the human lateral cerebellum PLoS Biol 5(11): 3e316. (2007) 2007 Cognitive Science, Motor Control
Milgram, Paul Time-locked (Transient) Heart Rate Response as an Indicator of Drivers’ Self-paced Decision-Making Proc. 1st Nordic Congress on Traffic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden, pp. 4-6, June 1982 1982 Automobile driving behaviour, Cognitive science
Milgram, Paul Time-locked (Transient) Heart Rate Response as an Indicator of Drivers’ Self-paced Decision-Making Proc. 1st Nordic Congress on Traffic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden, pp. 4-6, June 1982 1982 Automobile driving behaviour, Cognitive science
Milgram, Paul A Multivariate Autoregressive Display Monitoring Model Proc. 3rd European Annual Conf. on Human Decision-Making and Manual Control, Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 1-22, May-June 1983 1983 Cognitive science, Visual Occlusion (General)
Milgram, Paul & van der Horst, Richard Alternating-field stereoscopic displays using light-scattering liquid crystal spectacles DISPLAYS: Technology and Applications, 7 (2), pp. 67-72, April 1986 1986 Visual Occlusion (General)
Milgram, Paul & van der Horst, Richard Field-sequential Stereoscopy with Liquid Crystal Spectacles Proc. Eurodisplay ’84, 4th Int’l Display Research Conf., Paris, France, pp. 175-177, September 1984 1984 Visual Occlusion (General)
Milgram, Paul, Godthelp, Hans & Blaauw, Gerard An Investigation of Decision-making Criteria Adopted by Drivers while Monitoring Vehicle State in the Temporary Absence of Visual Input Proc. 2nd Europ. Annual Conf. on Human Decision-Making and Manual Control, Bonn, W. Germany, pp. 104-116, June 1982 1982 Automobile driving behaviour, Cognitive science
Noy, Y. Ian, Lemoine, Tracy L., Klachan, Christopher, Burns, Peter C. Task interruptability and duration as measures of visual distraction. Applied Ergonomics 35 (2004), 207-213 2004 Automobile driving behaviour
Perez, Miguel A., Doerzaph, Zachary R., Lee, Suzanne E., Neale, Vicki L. Rapid prototyping improves research on red-light-running behaviour Ergonomics in Design, Fall 2007, 23-27 2007 Automobile driving behaviour
Pettitt, Michael A., Burnett, Gary E., Bayer, Steven, Stevens, Alan Assessment of the occlusion technique as a means for evaluating the distraction potential of driver support systems. IEE Proceedings on Intelligent Transport Systems, 153(4), 259-266 2006 Automotive interface evaluation
Pettitt, Michael Visual demand evaluation methods for in-vehicle interfaces PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008 2008 Automotive interface evaluation, Visual Occlusion (General)
Rice, Nichola J; Tunik, Eugene; Grafton, Scott T. The anterior intraparietal sulcus mediates grasp execution, independent of requirement to update: New insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(31), 8176-8182 2012 Cognitive science, Motor control
Riemersma, Johannes Visual cues in straight road driving PhD Thesis, TNO Institute for Perception, Soesterberg, Netherlands 1987 Automobile driving behaviour
Rosalie, Simon M. & Müller, Sean Timing of in situ visual information pick-up that differentiates expert and near-expert anticipation in a complex motor skill Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(10), 2013, 1951-1962. 2013 Motor control, Sports psychology / training
Rosalie, Simon M. & Müller, Sean Expertise facilitates the transfer of anticipation skill across domains The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67:2, 319-334, 2014 2014 Motor control, Sports psychology / training
Rossit, Stephanie Does binocular vision drive the lower visual field advantage for grasping? Poster at Vision Sciences Society Annual Meeting, Florida 2014 Cognitive science, Motor control, Visual Perception
Rydalch, G., Bell, H.B., Ruddy, K., Bolton, D.A.E. Stop-signal reaction time correlates with a compensatory balance response Gait & Posture 71 (2019) 273-278 2019 Cognitive science, Medicine/Rehabilitation, Motor control
Sollenberger, Randy L. & Milgram, Paul Effects of stereoscopic and rotational displays in a 3D path-tracing task Human Factors, 35 (3), pp. 483-499, Sept. 1993 1993 Cognitive science, Visual Perception
Sollenberger, Randy L. & Milgram, Paul Comparative Study of Rotational and Stereoscopic Computer Graphic Depth Cues Proc. 35th Annual Meeting of Human Factors Society, San Francisco, CA, September 1991 1991 Cognitive science, Visual Perception
Tang, Rixin; Whitwell, Robert L; Goodale, Melvyn A. Explicit knowledge about the availability of visual feedback affects grasping with the left but not the right hand Exp Brain Res (2014) 232:293–302 2014 Cognitive science
Tsimhoni, Omer Time-sharing of a visual in-vehicle task while driving: Findings from the task occlusion method. UMTRI report 2003-13 2003 Automobile driving behaviour
Tsimhoni, Omer & Green, Paul A. Visual demand of driving curves, as determined by visual occlusion. Proc. Vision in Vehicles Conf., Boston, MA, Aug. 1999 1999 Automobile driving behaviour
Verhagen, Lennart; Dijkerman, H. Chris; Grol, Meike J; Toni, Ivan Perceptuo-Motor Interactions during Prehension Movements Journal of Neuroscience, April 30, 2008, 28(18): 4726-4735 2008 Cognitive science, fMRI Study, Motor control
Whitwell, Robert L; Lambert, Lisa M; Goodale, Melvyn A. Grasping future events: explicit knowledge of the availability of visual feedback fails to reliably influence prehension Exp Brain Res (2008) 188:603–611 2008 Cognitive science, Motor control, Visual Perception
Wilber, Vann Driver Focus: A North American Perspective Alliance of Automotive Manufacturers Presentation to the ITC, Feb. 2004 1982 Automobile driving behaviour, Automotive interface evaluation
Yin, Ping-Bo & Kitazawa, Shigeru Long-lasting aftereffects of prism adaptation in the monkey Exp Brain Res (2001) 141: 250-2534 2001 Motor Control